1.  George Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary (Collegeville:  The Liturgical Press, 1996), p. 183.

2.  Luke 11:27028.

3.  Mark 3:34-35.  Mark's account is a bit harsher than Luke's parallel, 8:21.

4.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 25.

5.  Ibid., p. 59.

6.  1 Timothy 2:5.

7.  Romans 8:34.

8.  Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries:  Her Place in the History of Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 67.

9.  Sally Cunnean, In Search of Mary:  The Woman and the Symbol (New York:  Ballentine, 1996), p. 119.

10.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 43.

11.  Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, p. 108.

12.  Ibid., p. 31.

13.  Ibid., p. 81.

14.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 183.

15.  Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, p. 178.  Rene Laurentin and Rene Lejeune, Messages and Teachings of Mary at Medjugorje  (Milford, Ohio:  Riehle Foundation, 1988), p. 15.

16.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 95; Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, p. 98.

17.  Elias Friedman, O.C.D., The Latin Hermits of Mount Carmel (Roma:  Institutum Historicum Teresianum, 1979), pp. 197-99.

18.  Thomas Wright, Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History Composed During the Period from the Ascension of Edward III to that of Richard III (London:  Rolls Series, 1859-61), p. 256.

19.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 175.

20.  For a more detailed account of these events see Carlo Cicconetti, O. Carm., La Regola del Carmelo:  Origine, Natura, Significato (Roma:  Institutum Carmelitanum, 1973), pp. 331-53.

21.  Ibid., p. 347.

22.  Bodl.  Libr., Ms. e Museo 86, fo. 193v.

23.  Richard Copsey, "Simon Stock and the Scapular Vision," unpublished manuscript submitted and accepted by the Journal of Ecclesiastical History.

24.  Much of the material in this paragraph was taken from a yet-to-be published article, "Simon Stock and the Scapular Vision," by Richard Copsey, O. Carm.

25.  Christian Ceroke, O. Carm., "The Credibility of the Scapular Vision," Carmelus 1964, p. 97.

26.  Paul F. Robinson, O. Carm., "The Carmelite Constitutions of 1357:  A Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes," J.C.D. Dissertation, Rome: The Angelicum, 1992, p. 127.

27.  Again, to remind the reader, I am not an art historian so my conclusions are very tentative.

28.  Joachim Smet, O. Carm., The Carmelites:  A History of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, vol 2, (Darien:  Carmelite Spiritual Center, 1976), p. 226.

29.  Richard Copsey, "Simon Stock and the Scapular Vision".

30.  This doctrine was solemnly defined at the Council of Trent, more than two centuries after John XXII.  One of the objections raised to the doctrine at the time of its definition was that not all peoples had believed in it and among those who explicitly denied it was John XXII.

31.  Joachim Smet, The Carmelites, vol. 1, p. 118.

32.  Tavard, The Thousand Faces of the Virgin Mary, p. 204.

33.  Pelikan, Mary Through the Centuries, p. 131.

34.  Idem.

35.  Ibid., p. 144.

36.  Ibid., p. 159.

37.  Ibid., p. 155.

38.  The Rule of Saint Albert.

Patrick McMahon, O. Carm.
Whitefriars Hall
Washington, D.C.